List of Potential Therapeutic Drugs for Autism

Our mission at the BRAIN Foundation is to support translational research that will lead to FDA-approved treatments for autism and related disorders. One of the ways of achieving this aim is to unlock the hidden potential of existing drugs and repurpose them specifically for autism, offering hope to mitigate symptoms, enhance functioning, and improve independence and quality of life.

We have created a list that we hope will evolve to become a comprehensive database of existing drugs and nutraceuticals that demonstrate the greatest potential therapeutic effects for autism. Some of these drugs are already in advanced stages of human autism studies, while others have been utilized in clinical practices (awaiting formal publications) or investigated in preclinical and animal models of autism.

The past and ongoing investigations into these therapeutics are varied in scope: some target specific subsets of autism or particular challenges associated with the condition, such as sensory sensitivities or irritability and aggressive behavior, while others aim to address a broader range of core autism symptoms.

The goal of this database is to uncover the gaps and reach out to funding agencies to fund the necessary research in order to develop the evidence for drugs that work, and publish the findings.

NOTE: Drugs are listed by their chemical names. In some cases brand name is also present, in parenthesis. The list can be sorted/viewed alphabetically by Drug Name (Column 1) or grouped by Drug Class/Type (Column 2). Benefits are listed as reported by study/case report authors and should not be taken as evidence of drug’s effectiveness.

Drug/SupplementDrug Class/TypeReported Benefits*References (PMID)Mechanisms of action of relevance to autism
Agmatine
/Arginine
Nutritional
supplement
Reduced core symptoms in three
different animal models of autism
38624050 (P)
38333751 (P)
36057317 (P/ FXS)
A metabolite of amino acid arginine, nutritional/sports energy supplement.
Improves brain energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity and cognitive function.

6-8g per day significantly reduced seizures in people with refractory epilepsy.

Branched Chain
Amino Acids
(BCAAs)

Nutritional
supplement
Improved communication;
Reduced stereotypy and hyperactivity.
37424284
38265552

BCAAs are essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine.
Activate mTOR, affect pathways involved in glutamate metabolism,
protein synthesis, brain glucose uptake and energy metabolism.
Note: "Contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity."

CarnitineNutritional
supplement
Improved sleep and energy; Reduced apraxia;
Reduced hyperactivity and irritability
31766743
30622681
37551601
18286595 (FXS)
Transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for ATP energy production.
Stimulates glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization in the brain.
Coenzyme Q10
(Ubiquinone)
Nutritional
supplement

Improved communication, social interaction;
Improved sleep.

24707344
29684771
Antioxidant, supports mitochondrial energy production.
Can increase activity of brain mitochondria.
CreatineNutritional
supplement
Research in progress35267907

Regulates glycogen and energy metabolism in the brain, has antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory effects. Children
with disorders in creatine metabolism suffer
autism, seizures and learning disability, which are often treatable with very high
doses of creatine, or with its precursors l-arginine, glycine and/or betaine (TMG).

Dimethylglycine
(DMG)
Nutritional
supplement
Improved communication and sociability;
Improved sensory & cognitive awareness
34823458
21417812
Amino acid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and NMDA-modulating effects.
LithiumNutritional
supplement
Improved cognition and sociability;
Reduced repetitive behaviors
31308580
25093602
18698192 (FXS)
39633007 (P)
20497624 (P/FXS)
Reduces excitatory and increases inhibitory GABA neurotransmission.
Restores brain insulin sensitivity, stimulates glycogen synthesis and
improves glucose metabolism in the brain
Magnesium
& Vitamin B6
Nutritional
supplement
Improved interaction & communication;
Reduced repetitive behaviors
16846101
21417812
Methylcobalamin
(MB-12)
Nutritional
supplement
Improved communication & living skills;
Improved sleep, reduced hyperactivity
34442428
35631176
26889605
Improves cell oxidation status & methylation capacity.
N-Acetyl Cysteine
(NAC)
Nutritional
supplement
Improved social awareness, hyperactivity
Reduced irritability & aggression;
Reduced self-injurious behaviors
32900213
22342106
26541950 (CR)
23826003 (CR)
24815193 (CR)
Precursor to glutathione. Strong anti-oxidant action.
Cognition & attention improvement linked to enhanced cerebral
blood flow and glucose metabolism by NAC (32117038, 34377857)
Omega-3
Fatty Acids
Nutritional
supplement
Improved communication;
Reduced hyperactivity & inattentiveness
37654990
34577816
35013866
Wide range of effects, including anti-inflammatory action.
ProbioticsNutritional
supplement
Improved gastrointestinal symptoms;
Reduced anxiety
39265200
39702309
38902804
SulforephaneNutritional
supplement
Improved irritability and hyperactivity39951914
33013262
30790585 (P)
Sulfur-based phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli.
Activates Nrf2, which upregulates antioxidant and detoxification enzymes.
Can increase cerebral blood flow by acting as a vasodilator.
TaurineNutritional
supplement
Research in progress37711998 (P)
38830122
31141786
Affects GABA/NMDA calcium channels, Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. 
Regulates brain insulin sensitivity/glucose uptake. Can improve
cerebral blood flow, reduce edema and intracranial pressure.
TMG (betaine)Nutritional
supplement
Research in progress30821067 (P)Natural compound present in many foods. Anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidant.
Osmoprotectant and a methyl donor. Decreases homocysteine levels.
Vitamin D3Nutritional
supplement
Reduced stereotypical behaviours;
Reduced hyperactivity
37119216
32893747
35010901
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Regulates energy metabolism & inflammation in astrocytes/microglia.
Impacts neurotransmitter synthesis and brain plasticity.
FluconazoleAntimicrobialResearch in progressAntifungal medication. Crosses the blood-brain barrier. Has neuroprotective
effects via interactions with insulin growth factor-1 receptor signaling.
Itraconazole
(Sporanox)
AntimicrobialComplete dissolution of autism symptoms (CR)33132781Itraconazole is an anti-fungal medication.
MinocyclineAntimicrobialResearch in progress32198305
37441807 (P)
38102393
23572165 (FXS)
35058813 (FXS)
Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Anti-inflammatory action likely
due to inhibiting the activity of microglial cells.
NiclosamideAntimicrobial39153648 (P)Anthelmintic medication. Has a wide range of biological
effects, regulates aspects of metabolism and immunity.
VancomycinAntimicrobialImproved interaction, communication, behavior10921511Antibacterial action against gram-positive bacteria.
Intravenous
Immunoglobulin
(IVIG)
ImmunomodulatoryImproved social interaction;
Improved irritability and hyperactivity.
34070826
29427532
30097568
Immunomodulator. Lowers TNF-α and microglial inflammation.
Improves brain glucose/energy metabolism, primarily in parietal
and frontal brain regions.
MethotrexateImmunomodulatoryResearch in progress24020679 (P/ FXS)Immune-modulation and anti-inflammatory action.
NF-κB inhibitor.
Mercaptopurine
(6-MP)
ImmunomodulatoryResearch in progress
PrednisoneHormoneImproved speech & communication;
Improved behaviors, reduced sterotypy
32330433
24885033
32168067
7545148 (CR)
30804752 (P/ FXS)
Binds to the glucocorticoid receptor.
Modulates blood brain barrier permeability, reduces brain edema.
Anakinra
(Kineret)
AntiinflammatoryResearch in progress38979496

MABs/JAK Inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist.
It has been used for rheumatoid diseases, diabetes (improved insulin sensitivity
& glucose handling), sepsis, febrile infection-related epilepsy.

Baricitinib
(Olumiant)
AntiinflammatoryResearch in progress38979496MABs/JAK Inhibitor. Affects pathways of several pro-inflammatory
cytokines. Crosses the blood brain barrier. Affects sensory neurons.
Protective against inflammation-induced metabolic dysfunction.
Adalimumab
(Humira)
AntiinflammatoryResearch in progress38979496MABs/JAK Inhibitor. Human monoclonal IgG1 antibody,
TNF-α blocking anti-inflammatory action.
InfliximabAntiinflammatoryImproved hyperactivity;
Improved stereotypical behavior.
38979496
10.37321
MABs/JAK Inhibitor. TNF-alpha antagonists. Reduces depression in a subgroup
of patients: "Antidepressant response...which involved regulation of metabolic
& inhibition of genes related to innate immune activation.
" 23624296
Upadacitinib
(Rinvoq)
AntiinflammatoryResearch in progress38979496MABs/JAK Inhibitor. Anti-inflammatory action
via  JAK-STAT pathway.
Tofacitinib
(Xeljanz)
AntiinflammatoryResearch in progress38979496MABs/JAK Inhibitor. Anti-inflammatory action
via  JAK-STAT pathway.
DapagliflozinAntidiabeticResearch in progress39004410 (P)
36364000 (P)
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Decreases GSK3β.
Affects cholinergic system, important in memory and cognition.
SGLT-2 inhibitors may have ketogenic effect, increasing ketone body production.
GLP-1 /semaglutideAntidiabeticReduced agitation and aggression;
Reduced obsessive and compulsive behavior.
30881319 (CR)
6405420 (P)
From case report: "Also obsessions, compulsions and
behavioral problems not related to food, including aggressive
behavior, decreased in a significant way at home."(30881319)
Intranasal InsulinAntidiabeticImproved cognition and communication;
Improved social and motor skills;
Reduced irritability & aggression.
31104364 (FXS)
33757860 (FXS)
27577546 (PMS)
39329976 (P)
"Following insulin administration, a substantial reduction in autism symptoms
was observed in all three social behavior tests... insulin exhibited noteworthy capabilities
in decreasing brain MDA, IL-2, IL-17, and TNF-α levels." 39329976
MetforminAntidiabeticReduced irritability;
Reduced core autism symptoms (FXS)
Ameliorates core symptoms in several animal models
39676223
31520524 (FXS)
35222739 (P)
30555309 (P)
Improves insulin resistance IR in the brain (see 33879765)
Neuroprotective effects via regulation of brain glucose uptake.
NFκB inhibitor - immuno-modulating & anti-inflammatory effects.
Pioglitazone
(Actos)
AntidiabeticReduced social withdrawal;
Reduced repetitive & externalizing behaviors
30498564
17207275
301762v1 (P/ FXS)
39179196 (P)
31128204 (P)
Thiazolidinedione, PPARγ agonist, modifies brain energy metabolism.
Reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
"TZDs can modify astrocyte metabolism and mitochondrial function, which
could be beneficial in neurological conditions where glucose availability is reduced.
Acamprosate
(Campral)
Addiction
medicine
Improved social behaviour; Reduced aberrant
behavior and  hyperactivity;
Markedly improved communication in FXS-autism
22136091
24052275
20213249 (CF/FXS)
23436129 (FXS)
29317220 (P/FXS)
Structural analogue of GABA, affects calcium channels and modifies
transmission along GABA and glutamine pathways in the brain.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH)
HormoneReduced core autism symptoms;
Increased social interaction;
Reduced irritability & hyperactivity
1326339
1331023
27645286
12478882 (CR)

Improves brain energy metabolism by increasing
levels of glycogen and lactate in brain cells.

AmantadineGlutamatergicImproved speech;
Reduced aggression and hyperactivity
11392343
34456474
27483360
Dopaminergic agent and NMDA receptor antagonist.
Increases glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex.
Inhibits release of proinflammatory cytokines.
ArbaclofenAddiction
medicine
Improved socialization;
Reduced irritability, agitation
27748740
24272415
25754761 (P)
Activates GABA-B receptors in the brain, modulates glutamate levels.
BumetanideDiureticImproved cognitive abilities36626004
33336381
23647528 (CR/ FXS)
38950809 (P/ FXS)
Inhibits NKCC1 transporter, which transports sodium, potassium,
and chloride ions into neurons.
Affects GABA signaling.
CBD/THCCannabinoidImproved social interaction;
Reduced aggression, anxiety, hyperactivity
34043900
35617670
38226593

Wide range of effects on inflammatory and metabolic pathways
in the brain and surrounding vascular tissue.

Citalopram
(Celexa)
AntidepressantNormalisation of brain activation31712584
35948343
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Increases serotonin activity
in the brain. Increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels.
ClonidineVasodilatorImproved social interaction;
Improved sensory dysfunction;
Improved sleep
18280681
1548248
39269569
Alpha-2 adrenoceptors agonist. Improved brain energy
metabolism by stimulating glycogen synthesis in astrocytes
Famotidine (Pepcid)AntihistamineImproved socialisation and behaviors9185122GSK-3 inhibitor. Stimulates glycogen synthesis, increases uptake of glucose into cells
FluoxetineAntidepressantReduced restricted/repetitive behavior;
Reduced irritability and self-injurious behavior.
30002940
15602505
35948343
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Inhibits inflammation
via a GSK-3β-dependent pathway. Affects brain  energy metabolism
by modulating mitochondrial function.
GuanfacineVasodilatorReduced hyperactivity and inattentiveness;
Reduced irritability, agitation, impulsivity
30125242
39269569
Stimulates alpha-2A adrenergic receptors, increases blood flow and
glucose energy metabolism in the brain, primarily in prefrontal cortex. 
Leucovorin
(Folinic acid)
Folate
analogue
Improved social behaviour
Reduced hyperactivity & irritability
Reduced frequency of seizures
32892962
34834493
39243316
38248763

High dose folic acid/leucovorin supplementation reverses abnormalities in brain
energy metabolism in humans and animal models of toxicity and prenatal infection.
"High-dose leucovorin reversed…decrease in cerebral glucose metabolism and
associated behavioral and EEG abnormalities...but low-dose leucovorin was ineffective
.” 2785366

MelatoninHormoneImproved sleep30148039
24050742
Regulates sleep-wake cycles by binding to receptors in the brain.
Has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.
Memantine
(Namenda)
Dementia 
drug
Reduced social withdrawal;
Reduced anxiety and inattentiveness
36006807
17016714
35315131
NMDA receptor antagonist with glutamate blocking action.
Reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction.
In AD it slows the decline in glucose metabolism in the brain.
Microbiota Transplant
Therapy (MTT)
MTTReduced core autism symptoms;
Improved GI symptoms and sleep
30967657
39677507
38783921
38715916
NaltrexoneAddiction
medicine
Reduced hyperactivity and irritability7896655
9394942
8780837
Opioid antagonist, binds to mu opioid receptors.
Likely anti-inflammatory properties. Used for reduction
of chronic pain, neuro-inflammatory conditions.
OxytocinHormoneImproved social responsiveness;
Reduced repetitive behaviors
27798253
38461957
39944132
37540265
Human hormone, modulates social bonding and sexual behavior.
Involved in regulation of stress response. 
Has anti-inflammatory and anti-psychotic effects.
PropranololAnxiolyticImproved world fluency;
Improved aggression and irritability;
Reduced anxiety;
21487259
39174017
32134849
38086927
Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Lowers sympathetic activation and nervous system
'fight or flight' response by blocking stress hormones adrenaline/noradrenaline.
Helps to reduce anxiety, palpitations, sweating.
Tianeptine
(Stablon)
AntidepressantReduced restrictive/repetitive behavior;
Reduced aggression and irritability;
Reduced self-injurious behavior;
31425465
33608048
35948343
12858327
Atypical tricyclic antidepressant. Acts as opioid receptor agonist and
PPAR activator. Increases serotonin reuptake.
Modulates glutamate and NMDA receptor activity.
VasopressinHormoneImproved socialisation;
Reduced anxiety, repetitive behaviors
31043522
37892977
Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(see entry for adrenocorticotropic hormone for autism)
CanagliflozinAntidiabeticImproved all biochemical & behavioral abnormalities in
animal models: enhanced sociability, reduced stereotypy
37242552 (P)
36909191 (P)
36364000
SGLT2 inhibitor. Improves brain glucose utilisation and energy
metabolism in the brain, esp in astrocytes. Anti-inflammatory effects.
Modulates PPAR-γ and mTOR pathways.
Suppresses activation of T cells
from autoimmune patients via 'metabolic reprogramming'.
Luteolin/
Quercetin/
Rutin
(Flavonoids)
Nutritional
supplement
Improved adaptive functioning and daily living skills.
Improved communication and social relatedness.
23688534
26418275
22697063
27701827 (CR/P)
Plant flavonoid. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant action.
Luteolin and other flavonoids improve brain insulin
resistance, reduce microglial activation.
AmoxicillinAntimicrobialImproved eye contact and speech;
Reduced ‘rigidity' - insistence for routine
25808801 (CR)Wide spectrum antibiotic.
Cycloserine
(Seromycin)
AntimicrobialImproved social responsiveness28138381
28733898 (P)
23685206 (P)
Antibiotic, NMDAR partial agonist, 
GABA transaminase inhibitor
CelecoxibAntiinflammatoryImproved irritability and social withdrawal;
Reduced stereotypic behavior
(combined with risperidone)
22782459COX-2 inhibitor, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
Palmitoylethanolamide
(PEA)
Nutritional
supplement
Improved speech; Improved social
and nonsocial behaviors
33919499
26491593
29807317
30193877 (P)
Naturally occurring fatty acid. Endocannabinoid. "Potential
neurobiological underpinnings include immune modulation,
neuroinflammation...neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, mitochondrial
function, and microbiota activity, possibly through PPAR-α activation."
KetamineAnalgesicImproved social cognition:
Improved social relatedness
38766674 (CR)
35651653 (CR)
NMDA receptor antagonist. Potentializes GABA inhibition. Binds to opiate
receptors. Stimulates release of norepinephrine, dopamine & serotonin.
Tetrahydrobiopterin
/Sapropterin (BH4)
Enzymatic 
cofactor
Improved social awareness and stereotypy;
Improved hyperactivity & inappropriate speech
23782126
23462988
Cofactor that's essential for biosynthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline
and serotonin. Important for production of nitric oxide.
Gastrin-Releasing
Peptide (GRP)
NeuropeptideImproved social interaction;
Improved irritability and hyperactivity;
27332629
26893210
28452904
Regulates gastric acid secretion. Influences astrocyte functions
related to neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, regulation of
neurotransmitter homeostasis, esp. in response to stress or injury.
DonepezilCholinesterase
inhibitor
Improved receptive language, irritability, lethargy,
stereotypy, hyperactivity, inappropriate speech
31230222
37637783
22937405 (CR)
25202686
31264943 (FXS)
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Reduces levels of proinflammatory
cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Improves glucose energy metabolism 
in the brain.
GalantamineCholinesterase
inhibitor
Improved irritability and social withdrawal;
Reduced emotional lability and inattention
24132248
17069550
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, nicotinic receptor agonist.
Improves brain perfusion & brain glucose/energy metabolism.
Steroid 
therapy
HormoneImproved language and social interaction;
Improved motor skills & gestural stereotypies;
Reduced hyperactivity, irritability and echolalia

24884537
24885033
7545148 (CR)
10802504 (CR)
18625572 (CR)
Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation, improve BBB integrity,
facilitate storage and utilization of brain carbohydrate reserves and
lead to diversification of available sources of energy in the brain.
CyproheptadineAntihistamineImproved verbal communication;
Improved social relatedness;
Reduced aberrant behaviours
15068403
12231270 (CR)
Histamine receptor antagonist.
Modulates serotonin & acetylcholine
Insulin-like
growth factor 1
(IGF-1)
HormoneImproved social impairments,
reduced restrictive behaviors (PMS)
32591005 (P)
39188438 (P)
25613838 (P/ FXS)
25685306 (PMS)
35395866 (PMS)
27643697 (FXS)
Promotes protein synthesis, bone and tissue growth.
Involved in brain development, glucose and lipid metabolism.
Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Protects the brain from
glucose deprivation and neuroinflammation via mTOR modulation
PentoxifyllineVasodilatorImproved lethargy/social withdrawal, stereotypy;
Improved irritability, hyperactivity/noncompliance;
Reduced inappropriate speech
19772883
31824351
39520226 (P)
30184549

Activator of PPAR-γ, involved in regulating inflammation,
(brain) insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
LenalidomideImmunomodulatoryImproved language expression and
receptive speech; Improved socialization
22997574Antiinflammatory, TNF-α inhibitor.
Increases levels of antiinflammatory molecule IL-10.
SuraminAntimicrobialImproved language, social interaction;
Reduced restricted and repetitive behaviors
28695149
37932739
31904357 (P)
23516405 (P)
Purinergic receptor antagonist.  Potent anti inflammatory
and anti oxidant effects. Reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Sirolimus
(Rapamycin)/
Everolimus
ImmunomodulatoryReduced hyperactivity and stereotypy (ASD);
Improved cognition, attention, sociability,
and language development (TSC)
34491961 (CR/ASD)
24295733 (P)
30621732 (P)
30060984 (TSC)
27216612 (CR/TSC)
39727664  (CR/TSC)
Antiinflammatory effects via mTOR inhibition.
Modulates BBB integrity. Affects 'energy sensing'
mechanism via mTOR: brain energy metabolism
incl. uptake and utilization of fuel sources for the brain

Atovarstatin /
Lovastatin /
Simvastatin

Statins

Reduced irritability and hyperactivity (ASD);
Reduced social avoidance, stereotypy 
and lethargy (FXS).

28719227
25258112 (FXS)
35058813 (FXS)
37123681 (P)
39350139 (P)
29484149 (NF1)

Statins are cholesterol lowering drugs with secondary
anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, esp. in endothelium.
Possible effects on mitochondrial function and ATP production.
Possible effects on GSK-3β/mTOR signaling pathway in the brain.
NimodipineCalcium channel
blocker
Reduced neurobehavioral abnormalities
in valproic acid model of ASD
36263647 (P)Voltage gated calcium channel antagonist. Reduces neuroinflammation
and oxidative stress in valproic acid animal model.
Rescues brain energy/glucose metabolism.
DapagliflozinAntidiabetic39004410 (P)
36364000
Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Increases levels
of growth factors BDNF, IGF-1. Modulates brain energy metabolism,
oxidative stress & inflammation via TNF-a, IL-17, AMPK/mTOR, Nrf2.
ModafinilWakefulness
promoter
Reversed abnormal behaviors and neuroinflammation in propionic acid animal model of autism37043086 (P)Neuroprotective & anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in astrocytes.
Reduces immune cells infiltration and glial activation during neuroinflammation.
Improves adrenergic sensitivity and cognitive function in glucose-deprived brain.
Has possible glutamatergic /GABA modulating effects.
TorasemideDiureticImproved behavioral and neuro-inflammatory
markers in an animal model of autism.
36879996 (P)Affects NKCC1 transporter, which plays a crucial role in maintaining
chloride homeostasis in astrocytes and neurons
. Modulates GABA signalling.
Insulin-like
growth factor 2
(IGF-2)
HormoneReversed cognitive and behavioral deficit in
two different animal models of autism
29217683 (P)
38298376 (P)
28352664 (P/ FXS)
27643697 (P/ FXS)
A protein hormone, plays a role in growth and development.
Modulates mTOR pathways. Has antioxidant, neuroprotective
and neuroplasticity-enhancing effects in the brain.
PapaverineVasodilatorImproved social behaviour, corrected repetitive behaviour,
anxiety, locomotor, and nociceptive changes (P)
33127361 (P)
33480092 (P)
Increases BDNF levels. Lowers oxidative stress and  inflammation,
increases blood flow and glucose energy metabolism in the brain.
Vinpocetine
(Cavinton)
Vasodilator /
Nutritional
Supplement
Reversed autism-related behaviors and pathological
markers in different animal models
34415116 (P)
35451422 (P)
37434477 (CR)
PDE1 inhibitor & sodium channel antagonist. Increases BDNF.
Antioxidant & anti-inflammatory effects. Cerebral metabolic enhancer:
improves oxygen & glucose uptake to increase brain ATP production.
CR = case report; P = preclinical/animal study; FSX = Fragile X Syndrome; PMS = Phelan-McDermid/22q13.3 deletion syndrome; NF1 = Neurofibromatosis 1; TSC = Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
NOTE: this list is a work in progress. Please revisit this page or subscribe to our mailing list to stay informed of major updates and research progress.

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